Liquid handling process

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a liquid handling process that provides self-limited, controlled and gentle movement of a quantity of liquid for metering and positioning purposes without the need for auxiliary sensors, and without loss or damage to the liquid sample. Precise positioning is accomplished under the influence of progressively reduced volumes of reduced pressure in an arrangement in which atmospheric pressure produces movement of the liquid quantity without need for auxiliary sensing devices, flow or pump control mechanisms, and the like.

This invention relates to liquid handling systems and has particular application to systems for handling blood and other biological liquids.

Accurate measurement of one or more constituents of a sample of biological liquid (whole blood, plasma, urine, etc.) provides useful information for diagnosis, assistance in the control of life support devices, and evaluation of the effectiveness of theraputic measures. Often, only a limited quantity of the biological liquid is available for analysis, and a minute quantity must be located with precision relative to analysis apparatus. Suitable sensors, for example of the electrical conductivity or optical type, have been used to monitor liquid in the flow path and control devices such as pumps or valves in response to sensor signals. Such systems frequently also handle reagents and other liquids, and care must be taken to avoid cross-contamination or other interaction with different liquids or successive samples of the liquid to be analyzed as the residue may have adverse effect on the accuracy of measurements. Prior arrangements have a number of drawbacks, including system complexity, the difficulty of locating sensor electrodes in the sample flow path, and the delayed or inaccurate response of the controlled device to the sensor signal.

In accordance with one aspect of the invention, there is provided a process for accurately metering or positioning a liquid quantity in a liquid handling system without the need of auxiliary sensors and which minimizes the amount of liquid required. The liquid handling system has a flow path with a port open to atmospheric pressure and a series of valves disposed along the flow path. The leading edge of a liquid such as a biological fluid is accurately positioned for analysis or other processing by reducing pressure in the flow path between the leading edge of the liquid quantity to be positioned and a desired leading edge position while a first valve between the flow path port exposed to atmospheric pressure and the desired leading edge position is closed to prevent liquid movement; then closing a second valve to trap a region of reduced pressure between the leading edge of the liquid and the desired position; and then opening the first valve to release the liquid for movement under the influence of the trapped reduced pressure towards the desired position. Repetition of this sequential operation of valves draws the leading edge of the liquid to (but not beyond) the second valve in a self-limiting liquid positioning action.

The process provides controlled and gentle movement of the liquid quantity for metering or positioning purposes without the need for auxiliary sensors and the waste of liquid as in prior systems. The precise positioning of the liquid sample is accomplished under the influence of pressure differentials without the need for auxiliary sensing devices to control pumping or valve mechanisms, and in the sequential operation of the flow path valves, the movement of the liquid quantity is self-limiting as the volume of trapped reduced pressure is progressively reduced. Thus, the need for accurate control by auxiliary sensors or adjustment of pumping mechanisms from system to system is avoided, and the system produces accurate liquid metering and positioning without "overshoot", such as overfilling of reagent chambers, and is essentially independent of viscosity or flow characteristics of the liquid in the flow channel.

In preferred embodiments, the process is utilized with a plural channel analysis system for analyzing biological liquids with a distribution manifold in which the sample to be analyzed is metered with accuracy and then accurately positioned relative to the analysis channels. Each analysis channel includes a reagent metering chamber which is also filled in a liquid handling sequence in accordance with the invention in which progressivly reduced volumes of trapped reduced pressures are utilized to flow reagents into the metering chambers so that precisely measured quantities are available. Those measured quantities are then flowed to analysis chambers where they are mixed, degassed and spectrophotometrically analyzed.

In a particular embodiment, flow paths, valves and metering chambers are in a flow network array that includes a face plate member with a firm and stable support surface, and a flexible sheet member that is clamped in conforming and mating engagement to the firm and stable face plate surface. A flow channel network is formed in one of the engaged surfaces with each valve including a land portion that separates adjacent flow channel portions. Each valve also includes an actuator which is arranged to flex the sheet member between a first position in which the surface of the valve sheet member is in mating and sealing engagement with the surface of the face plate member so that the valve land portion blocks flow between the adjacent channel portions, and a second position in which the sheet surface is spaced from the first position and allows liquid flow across the land surface between the adjacent channel portion. Each valve has a small volume (less than ten microliters) when open, and essentially zero dead space when closed. The gentle and smooth closing action of the valve membrane is in a radially inward direction and the valves provide excellent isolation between different liquids which are handled by the system.

In a particular embodiment, the valve face plate member is transparent, and sample flow paths are in the form of grooves that extend along the face plate surface, while the flexible valve sheet is opaque and of contrasting color to the sample liquids to be analyzed. In that particular embodiment, a seventy microliter volume sample is drawn into a distribution manifold and positioned adjacent metering chambers for glucose, urea and creatinine analyses. Corresponding reagent metering chambers are associated with each analysis channel. Other flow path networks are coordinated with the valving array to provide effective cleaning of flow path surfaces and chambers between analysis sequences. The invention provides controlled and gentle movement of the sample and reagent liquids for metering and positioning purposes under the influence of progressively reduced trapped volumes of pressure differentials without the need for auxiliary sensing devices to control pumping or valve mechanisms.

Other features and advantages of the invention will be seen as the following description of a particular embodiment progresses, in conjunction with the drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a front view of (partially in diagrammatic form) a three channel analysis instrument in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 2 is a diagram of the glucose channel portion of the flow network structure employed in the apparatus shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a sectional view in part through the sample measuring chamber of the glucose channel, taken along the line 3--3, of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is a sectional view in part through the reagent measuring chamber of the urea channel taken along the line 4--4 of FIG. 1;

FIGS. 5 and 6 are a series of diagrammatic views of the sample distribution manifold in the flow network; and

FIG. 7 is a series of diagrams showing an operational sequence of the apparatus shown in FIG. 1.

DESCRIPTION OF PARTICULAR EMBODIMENT

Shown in FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of a three channel analysis instrument with photometric analysis cell 10 for glucose analysis, a similar photometric analysis cell 12 for urea analysis, and a third similar photometric analysis cell 14 for creatinine analysis, each cell 10, 12, 14 having associated radiation source and radiation sensor apparatus for photometric analysis. Analysis cells 10, 12 and 14 are connected to sample inlet probe 16 by flow network structure 18 that includes an array of valves 20 of the type shown in Webster U.S. Pat. No. 4,304,257, the disclosure of which is specifically incorporated herein by reference, and that are operated by valve controller 21. Flow network structure 18 also includes a 7.5 microliter volume sample measuring chamber 22 associated with the glucose channel; a 3.5 microliter volume sample measuring chamber 24 associated with the urea channel, sample measuring chambers 26, 28 (ten microliter and 3.5 microliter volume respectively) associated with the creatinine channel; glucose reagent measuring chamber 30 (300 microliter volume); urea reagent measuring chamber 32 (600 microliter volume); creatinine reagent measuring chamber 34 (300 microliter volume); vacuum manifolds 36, 38 and pump chamber structure 40.

Flow network assembly 18 has an inlet 42 from sample probe 16; inlet 44 connected to flush reservoir 46; inlet 48 connected to glucose reagent reservoir 50; inlet 52 connected to urea reagent reservoir 54; inlet 56 connected to tap 58 of sample probe 16; outlet 60 connected to vacuum chamber 62; inlet 64 connected to creatinine reagent reservoir 66; outlet 68 connected to vacuum chamber 70; outlet 72 connected to vacuum chamber 62; inlet 74 connected to the outlet of the flush preheater section 76 for the glucose channel; outlet 78 connected to the inlet 80 of glucose analysis cell 10; inlet 82 connected to the outlet 84 of glucose analysis cell 10; inlet 86 connected to the outlet of the flush preheater section 88 associated with the urea channel; outlet 90 connected to the inlet 92 of the urea analysis cell 12; inlet 94 connected to the outlet 96 of cell 12; outlet 98 connected to vacuum chamber 70; inlet 100 connected to the outlet of flush preheater section 102 associated with the creatinine channel; outlet 104 connected to the inlet 106 of creatinine analysis cell 14; inlet 108 connected to the outlet 110 of creatinine analysis cell 14; and outlet 112 that connects manifold 36 to vacuum chamber 62. Flush reservoir 46 is also connected to manifold 114 that has inlets to preheater sections 76, 80 and 102; vacuum pump 116 is connected to vacuum chamber 62 to establish a vacuum on the order of 22-24 inches of mercury in chamber 62; and the two chambers 70 and 62 are interconnected by regulator 118 so that a regulated vacuum of about fifteen inches of mercury is established in chamber 70.

The flow network assembly 18 includes a rectangular array of valves 20 with the valves spaced on centers of about 1.5 centimeters and arranged in five rows A-E and twelve columns A-L. Thus, the valve connected to sample inlet port 42 is identified as valve 20AC, the valve connected to inlet port 74 is identified as valve 20EA, and the valve connected to outlet port 78 is identified as valve 20EB. With reference to the valves located along section line 3--3, (FIG. 1), valve 20AB is of the "isolation" type and isolates through channel 120 (that extends between isolation valves 20AA and 20AC) from channel 122 that extends to pump chamber 40; valve 20BB is an isolation valve that isolates distribution manifold section 150G from the inlet 124G to glucose sample metering chamber 22; valve 20CB isolates the outlet 126G of sample metering chamber 22 from the chamber bypass channel 128G that extends from isolation valve 20BA to isolation valve 20DB; and valve 20EB isolates the channel 130G (that extends from isolation valve 20DB through valves 20DA and 20EA to isolation valve 20EB) from channel 132G (that extends to outlet port 78).

With reference to the valves located along section line 4--4, valve 20AG isolates channel 134U (connected to port 52) from channel 136U which is in direct communication with urea reagent metering chamber 32; valve 20BG isolates channel 136U from distribution manifold 150; valve 20CG isolates channel 138 (which extends from isolation valve 20DI to vacuum manifold 36) from channel 140 (which extends to vacuum manifold 38 and provides a bypass or short circuit network between vacuum manifolds 36 and 38 for use during cleaning and flushing); valve 20DG is of the "vent" type that isolates vent 142U from the channel 144 (which extends between urea reagent metering chamber 32 and isolation valve 20DH); and valve 20EG is another "vent" valve which vents the channel 146 that extends from isolation valve 20EH to inlet port 94.

Flow network 18 has three similar but distinct flow channel sections, one for glucose analysis, a second for urea analysis and a third for creatinine analysis. Each channel includes a sample metering chamber and a reagent metering chamber of volume proportioned to the volume of the sample metering chamber so that the desired dilution is obtained. The creatinine analysis section has two sample metering chambers 26 and 28 so that different dilution ratios may be employed as desired. For example, chamber 26 may be employed with a serum creatinine analysis while chamber 28 (a greater dilution ratio) may be employed with a urine creatinine analysis. The sample to be analyzed is flowed to the three analysis sections via distribution manifold 150--isolation valves 20BD and 20BH in distribution manifold 150 serving to separate channel sections 150G, 150U and 150C.

Sample probe 16 is connected via inlet port 42 and valves 20AC, 20AB and 20AA to sample distribution manifold 150 that has a cross-sectional area of about 0.3 square millimeter so that a length of about twenty-five centimeters is provided for a seventy microliter sample volume. The glucose section 150G of that distribution manifold extends through valves 20BA, 20BB and 20CC to isolation valve 20BD; the urea section 150U extends through valves 20BE, 20BF and 20BG to isolation valve 20BH, and the creatinine section 150C extends through valves 20BI, 20BJ and 20BK, 20BL and 20AL to vacuum isolation valve 20AK. The three sample-reagent measuring and mixing networks that are connected to distribution manifold 150 are of similar configuration, the measuring and mixing network for the glucose channel being shown in slightly larger scale in diagrammatic form in FIG. 2.

In an operating sequence, the tip 148 of sample probe 16 is inserted (by a drive motor--not shown) into a sample cup and with valve 20AC closed, distribution manifold 150 is connected to vacuum chamber 70 to reduce the pressure in that manifold channel. After one quarter second, valve 20BD is then closed to seal the reduced pressure in distribution manifold 150G and when isolation valve 20AC is opened the sealed reduced pressure draws sample into the inlet probe towards distribution manifold 150. That valve sequence of alternate opening and closing valves 20AC and 20BD is repeated so that the volume of trapped reduced pressure between the leading edge of the sample and valve 20BD is progressively reduced until the leading edge of the sample is at valve 20BD in a self-limiting process--a seventy microliter volume of sample having been drawn into probe 16 and channels 120 and 150G. Sample probe 16 is then withdrawn from the sample cup and the seventy microliter sample is positioned in the distribution manifold 150 by sequential and alternate opening and closing of valves 20AA, 20BD, 20BH and 20AK until the leading edge of the sample is at valve 20AK in the same self-limiting liquid movement process.

After sample positioning, the three metering chambers 22, 24 and 26 (or 28) are sequentially filled from manifold 150 while the corresponding reagent metering chambers 30, 32 and 34 are being concurrently filled from their respective reservoirs 50, 54 and 66. After those six metering chambers are filled, adjacent flow paths (including the distribution manifold 150) are flushed to remove excess material. Then the metered sample quantity and the corresponding metered reagent for each analysis channel are flowed in a mixing and dilution sequence into the corresponding analysis cell 10, 12, 14 (each of which has a volume about twice the volume of the reagent-sample mixture to be analyzed). Air is drawn through the diluted sample mixture in each analysis chamber in a bubbling action that provide further mixing and then the diluted mixture in each analysis chamber is subjected to reduced pressure for degassing. After an equilibration interval of about ten seconds, the three diluted samples are concurrently spectrophotometrically analyzed during which interval the flow network is flushed. After analysis, the analysis cells 10, 12 and 14 are emptied and cleaned in preparation for the next analysis sequence.

Further details of the flow network assembly 18 may be seen with reference to the sectional views of FIGS. 3 and 4. That flow network array includes transparent face plate 152 of cast acrylic resin. Clamped against the bottom surface of face plate 152 is manifold diaphragm sheet 154 of white polyurethane that has a smooth, pit-free surface. Apertured backing plate 156 is seated against diaphragm sheet 154 by mounting plate 158, and the stack of face plate 152, diaphragm 154, backing plate 156 and mounting plate 158 are secured together by resilient fasteners 160 (FIG. 1). Secured to diaphragm member 154 is an array of actuators 162, the head 164 of each being embedded in the polyurethane membrane sheet 154. A spring 166 seated between surface 168 of actuator 162 and surface 170 of mounting plate 158, maintaining membrane 154 in seated or valve closed position; and movement of actuator 162 away from face plate 152 opens the valve.

The sectional view of FIG. 3 is through glucose sample measuring chamber 22 and manifold 36 while the sectional view of FIG. 4 is through urea reagent measuring chamber 32 and manifold 38 as well as portions of the associated valves and interconnecting flow networks. Each of the reagent metering chambers 30, 32, 34 is entirely bounded by acrylic plastic, a sheet 171 of plastic being solvent bonded to the upper surface of face plate 152 to define the outer wall of chamber 32, the other reagent measuring chambers 30 and 34 being similarly formed.

Further details of the sample introduction sequence may be seen with reference to FIG. 5 which shows in diagrammatic form an operating sequence of the valves connected between sample inlet 148 and vacuum chamber 70. In that operating sequence, valves AC, AA, BD, BH and AK are initially closed (FIG. 5a) and probe 16 is moved down by a stepping motor to insert its tip 148 into the sample cup. After a one second delay, isolation valves AK, BH, BD and AA are opened (FIG. 5b) to allow the regulated vacuum from chamber 70 to reduce the pressure in distribution manifold 150 and inlet channel 120. After a 1/4 second delay, isolation valve AK is closed (sealing that reduced pressure in channel 120 and manifold 150) and after a 1/10 second delay isolation valve AC is opened (FIG. 5c) so that the reduced pressure trapped by closed isolation valve AK draws sample 172 into probe 16 and towards valve BD. Isolation valve AC is then closed and isolation valve AK is opened to recharge manifold 150 with reduced pressure. After a delay of 1/10 of a second isolation valve BD is closed and isolation valve AC is opened (FIG. 5d) so that the reduced pressure trapped by closed isolation valve BD draws sample 172 further into probe 16 and past valve AC toward valve BD. After 1/10 of a second isolation valve AC is closed (clamping leading edge 174 of sample 172--FIG. 5e) and isolation valve BD is again opened to charge channel 120 and section 150G of the distribution manifold between leading edge 174 and valve BD with reduced pressure (FIG. 5e). Isolation valve BD is then again closed and isolation valve AC opened after 1/10 of a second for about 1/4 of a second (releasing sample 172--FIG. 5f) so that the reduced pressure trapped between leading edge 174 and valve BD draws in the sample 172 further along the manifold 150G. The sequence of valve operations indicated in FIG. 5d-f when repeated four times draws in the sample 172 into probe 16 and positions its leading edge 174 at, but not beyond, valve BD (FIG. 5g) so that a seventy microliter volume of sample is drawn in to valve BD in a self-limiting process. When the leading edge 174 of sample 152 is at valve BD, valve AA is closed, as indicated in FIG. 5h, to "clamp" the sample 172 so that valves BD, BH and AK upstream from leading edge 174 may be opened to reduce the pressure in manifold sections 150U and 150C without movement of sample 172.

Sample probe 16 is then withdrawn and the seventy microliter sample 172 held in the sample probe 16 and connecting lines is positioned in distribution manifold 150 adjacent the three metering chambers 22, 24 and 26 (28) by a sequential operation of valves as indicated in FIG. 6. Valve AK is closed and then valves AA and BD are opened (FIG. 6a) to release sample 172 and allow the trapped reduced pressure to draw the sample towards valve AK. After a 1/4 second interval, valve BH is closed (clamping sample 172 adjacent leading edge 174) and valve AK is opened to charge section 150C of the distribution manifold 150 between leading edge 174 and valve AK with reduced pressure. After about a 0.1 second delay, valve AK is closed (trapping the reduced pressure) and valve BH is opened (releasing sample 172) for about 1/4 second (FIG. 6cso that the reduced pressure trapped between edge 174 and valve AK draws the sample 172 further along the manifold section 150C towards valve AK. Valve BH is then closed and valve AK opened to again apply reduced pressure to the sample leading edge 174 while the sample is restrained by closed valve BH. The sequence of valve operations indicated in FIGS. 6a-6d is repeated to supply progressively reduced trapped volumes of reduced pressure to further draw the sample 172 and position (in the self-limiting manner discussed above) the leading edge 174 at valve AK with the seventy microliter volume extending throughout the length of manifold 150 adjacent the three metering chambers 22, 24 and 26 (28) and the trailing edge 176 in channel section 120 as indicated in FIG. 6e. The rapid sequencing of the valves by controller 21 discussed above positions a metered seventy microliter volume of sample 172 accurately in distribution manifold 150 in a few seconds.

After the sample 172 is positioned in the distribution channel 150 as indicated in FIG. 6c, the sample chambers 22, 24, 26 (or 28) are sequentially filled and the reagent metering chambers 30, 32 and 34 are concurrently filled from their respective reagent reservoirs 50, 54 and 66.

A diagram of the glucose metering network is shown in FIG. 2, the urea and creatinine metering networks being similar. Glucose sample metering chamber 22 is connected between isolation valves 20BB and 20CB while glucose reagent measuring chamber 30 is connected between isolation valves 20AF and 20DD. Connected between isolation valve 20DD and metering chamber 30 is vent valve 20DC. A bypass channel 128G parallels sample chamber 22 and extends from isolation valve 20BA to isolation valve 20DB. Three T valves 20BA, 20BB and 20BC are connected to the glucose section 150G of distribution manifold 150. T valve 20CB connects the outlet 126G of sample metering chamber 22 to bypass channel 128G. A channel 130G extends from isolation valve 20DB to isolation valve 20EB--channel 130G being connectable via T valve 20DA to vacuum manifold 36 and via T valve 20EA to flush preheater 76 (which preheater may be omitted if it is not necessary to thermally equilibrate the flush prior to introduction into the flow network). Vacuum manifold 38 is connected by channel 148G to isolation valve 20DD, T valve 20ED connects channel 148G via channel 146G to the outlet of analysis cell 10 and valve 20EC vents channel 146G.

The pump includes chamber 40 (similar to but of larger volume than valves 20), T valve 20AB and isolation valve 20AE, chamber 40 and valves 20AB and 20AE being operated in sequence as a positive displacement device that flows flush liquid through sample inlet line 120 and probe 16 for cleaning.

The greater negative pressure provided by vacuum manifold 38 is used for degassing and relatively rapid movements of liquid while the regulated lesser negative pressure provided by vacuum manifold 36 provides force appropriate to move the liquids at reasonable speed without drawing gasses through or from them (debubbling). Photometer cell 10 has an inlet port 80 at its bottom and an outlet port 84 at its top that is connected to vacuum manifold 38 through isolation valve 20ED. As the volume of the reagent-sample mixture is less than that of photometer chamber 10, the reduced pressure used to draw the reagent sample mixture into the chamber without filling it also draws following air through the mixture for further mixing and then degassing. After analysis, the sample-reagent mixture is withdrawn through the inlet port 80 and isolation valves 20EB and 20DA to the vacuum manifold 36, the top port 84 of the analysis cell 10 being vented by vent valve 20EC during this sequence.

Further details of the metering, dilution, analysis and flushing sequences may be seen with reference to FIG. 7. FIG. 7a shows the sample 172 to be analyzed (symbolized by dark lines) held in distribution manifold 150 with its leading edge 174 blocked (at valve AK) and its trailing edge 176 exposed to atmosphere through open valve AC and sample probe 16. Valves DA, DB and CB are opened to apply negative pressure (symbolized by dots) from manifold 36 to reduce the pressure in sample metering chamber 22 and bypass channel 128G; and valve DD is opened to similarly reduce the pressure in reagent metering chamber 30. Valve CB is then closed and valve BB is opened so that the reduced pressure trapped in sample metering chamber 22 draws sample 172 into that chamber towards closed valve CB as indicated in FIG. 7b. Concurrently, isolation valve DD is closed, and th-en valve AF is opened so that the reduced pressure trapped in reagent metering chamber 30 draws reagent 178 (symbolized by slant lines) from reservoir 50 through valve AF into chamber 30.

Valves DA and DB are then closed and valve CB opened so that the leading portion 180 of sample is drawn through metering chamber 22 into portions of the bypass channel 128G as indicated in FIG. 7c. Valves BB and CB are then closed, isolating the metered quantity 182 of sample 172 in chamber 22, as indicated in FIG. 7d, from leading portion 180 as well as from trailing portion 176.

The other two sample metering chambers 24, 26 (28) are then similarly filled in sequence. During the sequential filling of the three sample metering chambers, the reagent metering chambers 30, 32 and 34 are concurrently filled by alternately closing and opening valves DD and AF (and corresponding valves DH and AG and DL and AJ) to draw reagents 178G, U and C into the metering chambers 30, 32 and 34 respectively (valve DD being opened to recharge metering chamber 30 with reduced pressure while the reagent 178G is clamped by closed valve AF as indicated in FIG. 7cthen valve DD is closed to trap the reduced pressure in metering chamber 30 and line 144; and then valve AF is opened (as indicated in FIG. 7d) to allow the trapped reduced pressure to draw reagent 178G further into metering chamber 30). The alternate opening and closing of valves DD and AF (and corresponding valves) in each of the three reagent metering chamber flow paths fills the respective metering chambers up to but not beyond valves DD, DH and DL in self-limiting manner similar to the filling of manifold 150 described above in connection with FIGS. 5 and 6.

After the three sample metering chambers 22, 24, 26 (28) have been filled, valve AK is opened to draw the excess sample 172 from the distribution manifold 150, and then valves AE and AB are opened to draw flush solution 184 (symbolized by dashed lines) from reservoir 46 through distribution manifold 150 in flushing and cleaning action. Valves AA and AB are then closed and valves EA, DB and BA are opened to draw flush 184 through preheater 76 and then flow through valves EA, DA, DB, CB and BA into the distribution manifold 150 for flushing out the leading portions 180 of sample 172 that have been held in the bypass channel 128G (FIG. 7e). The urea and creatinine channels are similarly flushed.

Valve AH is also opened to connect the vacuum tap 58 (FIG. 1) of probe 16 to vacuum chamber 62 and chamber 40 and valves AB and AE of the pump array are operated in sequence to provide positive displacement pump action to draw flush solution 184 from reservoir 46 and to flow it in the reverse direction through probe 16 where the discharged flush solution 184 is drawn from probe tip 148 by tap 58 through valve AH to vacuum chamber 62. In pump operation, valve AE is opened and then the volume of pump chamber 40 is increased to draw flush solution into that chamber. Valve AE is then closed, valve AB opened and the pump chamber 40 is collapsed (membrane 154 is seated against face plate 152) to force the volume of liquid from chamber 40 out through valve AC and sample probe 16.

After the pumping operation is stopped, valve AA is opened to vent the distribution manifold 150 and remove the flush solution. Reagent vent valve DC and isolation valve DD are opened and the excess reagent 178 in channel 144G is drawn into vacuum manifold 38 and then isolation valve DA is opened to draw flush solution 184 from the bypass channel 128G into manifold 36. Valves BA, DB and DA are pulsed to provide a pulsating liquid flow and enhanced cleaning action. Valves BA, DA and DB are then closed and valves AA, BH and BD are similarly pulsed to clean and air dry the distribution manifold 150. Those valves are then closed, isolating segments 150G, 150U and 150C of the distribution manifold associated with each analysis channel.

After the channels have been cleaned and isolated, vent valve DC and isolation valve BC are opened, connecting reagent measuring metering chamber 30 to the isolated segment 150G of distribution manifold 150; valve BA is opened, connecting that isolated segment 150G to bypass channel 128; and T valve ED is opened to apply reduced pressure from vacuum manifold 38 to analysis cell 10 for about 1/4 second. Valve ED is then closed, trapping the reduced pressure in cell 10 and in those portions of flow network 18 connected to cell inlet 80.

With reference to FIG. 7f the opening of valves EB and DB applies that reduced pressure to the bypass channel 128G and the isolated segment 150G of distribution manifold 150 to draw reagent 178G from chamber 30 (vented by open vent valve DC) through open valve BC, distribution channel segment 150G and bypass channel 128G towards analysis cell 10. After an interval of about 1/2 second, valve EB is closed and valve ED is opened to recharge the reduced pressure in the analysis cell. During this interval, the sample chamber isolation valves BB and CB are also opened. After analysis chamber 10 has been recharged with reduced pressure, isolation valve ED is again closed and isolation valve EB is opened so that the metered sample quantity 182 is drawn from chamber 22 followed by a flow of reagent 178 through sample chamber 22 (valve BA being closed during this interval). After the metered sample 182 has been entirely flowed from metering chamber 22, as indicated in FIG. 7g, isolation valve CB is closed and valve BA is opened so that flow of reagent continues through the bypass channel 128G until the entire metered quantity of reagent 178 (together with the metered sample quantity 182) has been flowed into analysis cell 10, the reagent flow alternating between sample chamber 22 and bypass channel 128. During this flow, valves EB and ED are alternately opened and closed to recharge the reduced pressure head in analysis chamber 10. Following air is bubbled through the mixture 186 (symbolized by alternating heavy and light slant lines) in analysis cell 10 from the open vent valve DC to provide further mixing and then vent valve DC is closed for debubbling of the diluted sample mixture 186 in analysis cell 10. Isolation valve EB is then closed (FIG. 7h) preparatory to photometric analysis.

Vent valve EC is opened during photometric analysis to vent analysis cell 10. During that interval, distribution manifold valves (AA, BD, BH and AK) are opened as are valves AE and AB to draw flush solution 184 through the distribution manifold 150; then valves BB, CB, DB and DA are opened to draw flush solution 184 through sample metering chamber 22 to vacuum manifold 36; then valve BA is opened to flow flush solution 184 through the bypass channel 128; then flush solution flow is then turned off and valve AC is opened to vent the lines to atmosphere, valves BB, CB, BA, DB being pulsed as air is flowed through them to clean and dry the lines in preparation for the next analysis sequence.

After the spectrophotometric analysis, valves EB and DA are opened to apply reduced pressure to the input 80 of analysis chamber 10 to draw the analyzed mixture 186 from that chamber for discharge through manifold 36 into vacuum chamber 62. Vent valve EC and isolation valve DA are then closed and valves EA and ED are opened to draw flush solution 184 through analysis chamber 10 and vacuum manifold 38 for discharge into vacuum chamber 62 in a cleaning of the analysis chamber. The analysis chamber is then vented and the valves EB and DA are pulsed and then turned off so that the channel is in condition for the next analysis cycle.

Similar mixing and photometric analyses of the metered quantities of sample and reagents in the urea and creatinine channels and then flushing and cleaning of those channels in preparation for the next analysis sequence proceeds concurrently.

While a particular embodiment of the invention has been shown and described, various modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art, and therefore it is not intended that the invention be limited to the disclosed embodiment or to details thereof and departures may be made therefrom within the spirit and scope of the invention. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A process for accurately positioning a liquid quantity in a liquid handling system having a flow path with a port open to atmospheric pressure and a series of valves disposed along said flow path, comprising the steps ofreducing pressure in said flow path between the leading edge of the liquid quantiyt to be positioned and the desired position of said leading edge while a first valve between said port and said desired position is closed to preent movement of said liquid quantity, closing a second valve to provide a region of reduced pressure trapped between the leading edge and said desired position, and opening said first valve to release said liquid quantity for movement under the influence of said trapped reduced pressure towards said desired position.
 2. The process of claim 1 and further including repetition of the sequential operation of said first and second valves to draw the leading edge of the liquid quantity to (but not beyond) said second valve in a self-limiting liquid postioning action.
 3. A process for accurately positioning liquid quantity in a plural channel analysis system having a plurality of analysis chamber structures,inlet port structure for introduction of a liquid sample to be analyzed, reagent liquid storage structure, reduced pressure reservoir structure, flow network structure connected between said sample inlet and said analysis chamber structures, said flow network structure including a plurality of sample metering chamber structures, a corresponding plurality of reagent liquid metering chamber structures, each said metering chamber structure having a valved inlet and a valved outlet, a distribution manifold connected between said inlet port structure and the inlets of said sample metering chambers for supplying sample liquid to be analyzed to said plurality of sample metering chambers, and a series of valves disposed along said distribution manifold, said process accurately positioning the leading edge of a liquid quantity to be analyzed in said distribution manifold adjacent the valved inlets of said sample metering chamber structures comprising the steps of applying reduced pressure from said reservoir structure to reduce pressure in said distribution manifold between the leading edge of the liquid quantity to be positioned and the desired position of said leading edge while a first valve between said inlet and said desired position is closed to prevent movement of said liquid quantity, closing a second valve to provide a region of reduced pressure trapped in said distribution manifold between the leading edge and said desired position, and opening said first valve to release said liquid quantity for movement under the influence of said trapped reduced pressure towards said desired position in said distribution manifold.
 4. The process of claim 3 and further including repetition of the sequential operation of said first and second valves in said distribution manifold, said repetition of the sequential operation of said first and second valves progressively reducing the volume of said region of trapped reduced pressure in said distribution manifold and positioning the leading edge of said liquid quantity immediately adjacent said second valve.
 5. The process of claim 3 and further including the steps of applying reduced pressure from said reservoir structure sequentially to said sample metering chamber structures through their valved outlets to fill said sample metering chamber by drawing sample liquid from said distribution manifold into said sample metering chamber structures,applying reduced pressure from said reservoir structure through the valved outlets of said reagent liquid metering chambers to fill said reagent liquid metering chambers by drawing reagent liquid from said reagent liquid storage structure into said reagent liquid metering chamber structures while said sample metering chambers are being filled from said distribution manifold, connecting the inlet of each said reagent liquid metering chamber structure to the inlet of the corresponding sample metering chamber structure and the outlet of each said sample metering chamber structure to the inlet of the corresponding analysis chamber structure, and applying reduced pressure to the outlets of said analysis chamber structures while the inlets of the corresponding sample and reagent liquid metering chambers are connected together to flow the metered quantities of said sample liquid and said reagent liquids from said sample metering and auxiliary liquid metering chambers to said analysis chambers.
 6. The process of claim 5 wherein said reagent liquid metering chambers are filled by alternate opening and closing of the valved inlets and outlets of said reagent liquid metering chambers, the repetitive alternate opening and closing of the valved inlets and outlets progressively reducing the volume of trapped reduced pressure in said reagent liquid metering chambers and positioning the leading edge of said reagent liquids immediately adjacent their valved outlets.
 7. The process of claim 6 wherein said flow network structure is an array that includesa face plate member that has a rigid surface, a flexible valve sheet member that has a surface that is softer and more resilient than said face plate surface for mating engagement with said face plate surface, a network of channel portions in one of said members with a plurality of valve land portions, each said valve land portion being located between two adjacent ones of said channel portions, the surfaces of said land portions being coincident with the surface of the member in which they are located, and a valve control arrangement that includes a plurality of valve actuators, each said actuator being arranged to flex said sheet member between a first position in which said valve sheet surface is in mating and sealing engagement with said valve face plate surface to sealingly block flow between adjacent ones of said channel portions, and a second position in which said sheet surface is spaced away from said first position to allow flow between said adjacent channel portions across the land portion corresponding to that actuator.
 8. A liquid analysis system comprising analysis chamber structure,inlet port structure for introduction of a liquid sample to be analyzed, reduced pressure reservoir structure, flow network structure connected between said sample inlet and said analysis chamber structure, said flow network structure including sample metering chamber structure, reagent liquid metering chamber structure, each said metering chamber structure having a valved inlet and a valved outlet, means for applying reduced pressure from said reservoir structure to said sample metering chamber structure through its valved outlet to draw sample liquid to be analyzed through said inlet port structure and its valved inlet into said sample metering chamber structure, means for applying reduced pressure to said reagent liquid metering chamber structure through its valved outlet to draw reagent liquid from said reagent liquid reservoir through its valved inlet into said reagent liquid metering chamber structure by repeated sequential operation of the valved inlet and outlet of said reagent liquid metering chamber structure to draw the leading edge of the reagent liquid to (but not beyond) the valved outlet of said reagent liquid metering chamber structure in a self-limiting liquid positioning action, and means for connecting the inlet of said reagent liquid metering chamber structure to the inlet of said sample metering chamber structure and the outlet of said sample metering chamber structure to said analysis chamber structure, and means for applying reduced pressure to said analysis chamber structure while the inlets of said sample and reagent liquid metering chambers are connected together to flow the metered quantities of said sample liquid and reagent liquid from said sample metering and reagent liquid metering chambers to said analysis chamber for analysis.
 9. The system of claim 8 wherein repetition of the sequential operation of said valved inlet and outlet of said reagent liquid metering chamber progressively reduces the volume of a region of trapped reduced pressure in said reagent liquid metering chamber and positions the leading edge of said reagent liquid immediately adjacent said valved outlet.
 10. The system of claim 8 wherein said flow network structure further includes a bypass channel connected between the inlet and outlet of said sample metering chamber, and said controller structure includes means for operating valves in said flow network to flow the reagent liquid from said reagent metering chamber first through said bypass channel and then through said sample metering chamber to provide a quantity of said reagent liquid in front of and following the metered quantity of said sample liquid.
 11. The system of claim 8 wherein there are a plurality of analysis chamber structures, and said flow network structure includes a plurality of sample meter chambers and reagent metering chambers corresponding to said plura:ity of analysis chamber structures, and a distribution manifold connected to said inlet port structure for supplying sample liquid to be analyzed to said plurality of sample metering chambers.
 12. The system of claim 11 wherein the volume of said distribution manifold is less than 0.5 milliliter and the volume of each said reagent liquid metering chamber structure is at least ten times the volume of its corresponding said sample metering chamber structure.
 13. The system of claim 12 wherein said flow control means connects said distribution manifold to said plurality of sample metering chambers sequentially so that said sample are filled in sequence, and said chamberss are concurrently connected to correspond reagent storage reservoirs so that said reagent metering chambers are filled concurrently while said sample metering chambers are being filled sequentially.
 14. The system of claim 8 wherein said flow network structure is an array that includesa face plate member that has a rigid surface, a flexible valve sheet member that has a surface that is softer and more resilient than said face plate surface for mating engagement with said face plate surface, a network of channel portions in one of said members with a plurality of valve land portions, each said valve land portion being located between two adjacent ones of said channel portions, the surfaces of said land portions being coincident with the surface of the member in which they are located, and a valve control arrangement that includes a plurality of valve actuators, each said actuator being arranged to flex said sheet member between a first position in which said valve sheet surface is in mating and sealing engagement with said valve face plate surface to sealingly block flow between adjacent ones of said channel portions, and a second position in which said sheet surface is spaced away from said first position to allow flow between said adjacent channel portions across the land portion corresponding to that actuator.
 15. The system of claim 14 wherein each said reagent liquid metering chamber is formed in said face plate member, and each said sample metering chamber is in the form of a groove that extends along the surface of said face plate member.
 16. The system of claim 15 wherein each said valve has a volume of less than ten microliters when open and essentially a zero dead spaced when closed. 